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Roman villa
Roman villa is a term used to describe a Roman country house built for the upper class during the Roman republic and the Roman Empire.
==Typology and Distribution==
According to Pliny the Elder, there were two kinds of villas: the ''villa urbana'', which was a country seat that could easily be reached from Rome (or another city) for a night or two, and the ''Villa rustica'', the farm-house estate permanently occupied by the servants who generally had charge of the estate. The ''villa rustica'' centered on the villa itself, perhaps only seasonally occupied. Under the Empire there was a concentration of Imperial villas near the Bay of Naples, especially on the Isle of Capri, at Monte Circeo on the coast and at Antium (Anzio). Wealthy Romans escaped the summer heat in the hills round Rome, especially around Frascati (''cf.'' Hadrian's Villa). Cicero is said to have possessed no fewer than seven villas, the oldest of which was near Arpinum, which he inherited. Pliny the Younger had three or four, of which the example near Laurentium is the best known from his descriptions.
The Empire contained many kinds of villas, not all of them lavishly appointed with mosaic floors and frescoes. In the provinces, any country house with some decorative features in the Roman style may be called a "villa" by modern scholars.〔The Cambridge Ancient History volume XIV. Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors A.D. 425-600. Edited by Averil Cameron, Bryan Ward-Perkins, and Michael Whitby. Cambridge University Press 2000. ISBN 978-0-521-32591-2. Part III East and West: Economy and Society. Chapter 12. Land, labour, and settlement, by Bryan Ward-Perkins. Page 333.〕 Some were pleasure houses such as those— like Hadrian's Villa at Tivoli— that were sited in the cool hills within easy reach of Rome or— like the Villa of the Papyri at Herculaneum— on picturesque sites overlooking the Bay of Naples. Some villas were more like the country houses of England or Poland, the visible seat of power of a local magnate, such as the famous palace rediscovered at Fishbourne in Sussex. Suburban villas on the edge of cities were also known, such as the Middle and Late Republican villas that encroached on the Campus Martius, at that time on the edge of Rome, and which can be also seen outside the city walls of Pompeii. These early suburban villas, such as the one at Rome's Auditorium site or at Grottarossa in Rome, demonstrate the antiquity and heritage of the ''villa suburbana'' in Central Italy.〔N. Terrenato, 2001, "The Auditorium site and the origins of the Roman villa", ''Journal of Roman Archaeology'' 14, 5-32.〕 It is possible that these early, suburban villas were also in fact the seats of power (maybe even palaces) of regional strongmen or heads of important families (''gentes''). A third type of villa provided the organizational center of the large holdings called latifundia, that produced and exported agricultural produce; such villas might be lacking in luxuries. By the 4th century, ''villa'' could simply connote an agricultural holding: Jerome translated the Gospel of Mark (xiv, 32) ''chorion'', describing the olive grove of Gethsemane, with ''villa'', without an inference that there were any dwellings there at all (''Catholic Encyclopedia'' "Gethsemane").
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